Electoral Systems in Sudan: In Quest for an Appropriate Type

Abdu Mukhtar Musa

doi:doi:10.11648/j.jpsir.20240702.11

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Electoral Systems in Sudan: In Quest for an Appropriate Type

Abdu Mukhtar Musa^*

Published in Journal of Political Science and International Relations (Volume 7, Issue 2)

Received: 5 April 2024 Accepted: 22 April 2024 Published: 10 May 2024

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Abstract

This article reviews the types of electoral systems applied in Sudan since independence – in both democratic and military rules. It goes beyond that to touch on the general features of electoral behavior as well. It employs historical and descriptive approaches to examine some facts pertaining to the reality of elections and hindrances to democracy in the Sudan: First, the democratic process has been obstructed several times by military coups and regimes. Second, children who grew up under al-Bashir's Militant Islamic Regime (MIR) were deprived form exercising democracy or know anything about voting. Third, the lack of continual political participation hindered the process of accumulating political awareness that could enrich the formation of political culture. Fourth, the tribal influence in the socio-political life in many parts of the country, had negatively affected the political behavior of the ordinary people as well as the politicians. This political reality shatters any hope for proper democracy to work in the country. This essay argues that for such pluralism and ethno-cultural multiplicity entails the adoption of consensual democracy. However, it believes that this consociationalism should be supported by the Proportional Representation type of elections –along with federalism and presidential system.

Published in	Journal of Political Science and International Relations (Volume 7, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.jpsir.20240702.11
Page(s)	30-39
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Electoral Systems, Electoral Behavior, Tribalism, Military, Democracy, Political Parties

References

[1]	Al-Asam, Mukhtar, (2007). “Elections Systems” (in Arabic), a paper presented to a workshop organized by the Department of Political Science, University of Khartoum, Sudan, 27.12.2007.
[2]	Al-Karsani, ‘Awad al-Seed (2007), “The Electoral Experience in Sudan”, a paper presented (in Arabic) to a workshop organized by the Department of Political Science, University of Khartoum, Sudan, 27.12.2007.
[3]	Greenstein, Fred I., Personality and Political Socialization: The Theories of Authoritarian and Democratic Character. Volume 361, Issue 1, 1965. https://doi.org/10.1177/000271626536100108
[4]	Hendawi, Hamza, Sudan under al-Bashir: Long history of turmoil, conflicts. https://apnews.com/article/8c637e57658243aca3ee36318a6b5e20 January 3, 2019.
[5]	Mackenzie, W. J. M. (1968). Elections: The Functions of Elections; in: David Sills. The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, New York: Macmillan, 1968, Vol. 5.
[6]	Musa, Abdu Mukhtar the Underpinning Determinants of Voting Behaviour: the Case of Sudan. African Journal of Economics, Politics and Social Studies. Vol 2. Issue No. (1), Nov. 23. Poland: Adam Marszalek Publishing House. p. 89. (2023). https://doi.org/10.15804/ajepss.2023.1.06
[7]	Musa, Abdu Mukhtar (2022). Ethnic Politics in Sudan: Dynamics of Instability. African Journal of Economics, Politics and Social Studies (1/2022), Poland: Adam Marszalek Publishing House in cooperation with GRADO Publishing and Professor Czeslwa Mojsiewicz International Cooperation Fund. https://doi.org/10.15804/ajepss.2022.1.06
[8]	Musa, Abdu Mukhtar (2009), Darfur from State Crisis to Super powers Clash, 2, Doha (Qatar): Al-Jazeera Studies Centre; Beirut: Arab Scientific Publishers, Inc. (in Arabic) pp. 55-65.
[9]	Musa, Abdu Mukhtar. Popular Uprisings in Sudan: Revolutionary Processes intercepted. Los Angeles, CA, USA, Advances in Politics and Society, Vol. 5. No. 1. Dec. 16, 2021. https://doi.org/10.22158/ape.v5n1p1
[10]	Nhial, Mom Kou The People’s Regional Assembly Elections of Novemb, r 1973, in: Al-Tayyib H. Attiyya, op. cit., p. 81.
[11]	Salim, Muhammad Ahmed (2007), “Elections Laws and Political Life” (in Arabic), in: Al-Tayib Haj Atiyya (ed.), Elections (in Arabic), Khartoum: Peace Research Institute, p. 150.
[12]	Sills, David (ed.), (1972) the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (New York: London: Macmillan: Free Press, Vol. 5, p. 12.
[13]	Sills (ed.), the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (New York: London: Macmillan: Free Press, 1972), Vol 15.
[14]	Stein Rokkan, (1968). Electoral Systems, in D. Sill, Elections, Vol. 5.
[15]	Stokes (1968). "Voting Behavior", www.icpsr.umich.edu (Retrieved 2023-05-03).
[16]	Stokes, Donald E. (1965). A Variance Components Model of Political Effects. In: David.

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APA Style

Musa, A. M. (2024). Electoral Systems in Sudan: In Quest for an Appropriate Type. Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 7(2), 30-39. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jpsir.20240702.11

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ACS Style

Musa, A. M. Electoral Systems in Sudan: In Quest for an Appropriate Type. J. Polit. Sci. Int. Relat. 2024, 7(2), 30-39. doi: 10.11648/j.jpsir.20240702.11

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Musa AM. Electoral Systems in Sudan: In Quest for an Appropriate Type. J Polit Sci Int Relat. 2024;7(2):30-39. doi: 10.11648/j.jpsir.20240702.11

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@article{10.11648/j.jpsir.20240702.11,
  author = {Abdu Mukhtar Musa},
  title = {Electoral Systems in Sudan: In Quest for an Appropriate Type
},
  journal = {Journal of Political Science and International Relations},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2},
  pages = {30-39},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jpsir.20240702.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jpsir.20240702.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jpsir.20240702.11},
  abstract = {This article reviews the types of electoral systems applied in Sudan since independence – in both democratic and military rules. It goes beyond that to touch on the general features of electoral behavior as well. It employs historical and descriptive approaches to examine some facts pertaining to the reality of elections and hindrances to democracy in the Sudan: First, the democratic process has been obstructed several times by military coups and regimes. Second, children who grew up under al-Bashir's Militant Islamic Regime (MIR) were deprived form exercising democracy or know anything about voting. Third, the lack of continual political participation hindered the process of accumulating political awareness that could enrich the formation of political culture. Fourth, the tribal influence in the socio-political life in many parts of the country, had negatively affected the political behavior of the ordinary people as well as the politicians. This political reality shatters any hope for proper democracy to work in the country. This essay argues that for such pluralism and ethno-cultural multiplicity entails the adoption of consensual democracy. However, it believes that this consociationalism should be supported by the Proportional Representation type of elections –along with federalism and presidential system.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Electoral Systems in Sudan: In Quest for an Appropriate Type

AU  - Abdu Mukhtar Musa
Y1  - 2024/05/10
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jpsir.20240702.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.jpsir.20240702.11
T2  - Journal of Political Science and International Relations
JF  - Journal of Political Science and International Relations
JO  - Journal of Political Science and International Relations
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EP  - 39
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-2785
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jpsir.20240702.11
AB  - This article reviews the types of electoral systems applied in Sudan since independence – in both democratic and military rules. It goes beyond that to touch on the general features of electoral behavior as well. It employs historical and descriptive approaches to examine some facts pertaining to the reality of elections and hindrances to democracy in the Sudan: First, the democratic process has been obstructed several times by military coups and regimes. Second, children who grew up under al-Bashir's Militant Islamic Regime (MIR) were deprived form exercising democracy or know anything about voting. Third, the lack of continual political participation hindered the process of accumulating political awareness that could enrich the formation of political culture. Fourth, the tribal influence in the socio-political life in many parts of the country, had negatively affected the political behavior of the ordinary people as well as the politicians. This political reality shatters any hope for proper democracy to work in the country. This essay argues that for such pluralism and ethno-cultural multiplicity entails the adoption of consensual democracy. However, it believes that this consociationalism should be supported by the Proportional Representation type of elections –along with federalism and presidential system.

VL  - 7
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Abdu Mukhtar Musa

Department of Political Science, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, Sudan

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5927-8344

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APA Style

Musa, A. M. (2024). Electoral Systems in Sudan: In Quest for an Appropriate Type. Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 7(2), 30-39. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jpsir.20240702.11

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ACS Style

Musa, A. M. Electoral Systems in Sudan: In Quest for an Appropriate Type. J. Polit. Sci. Int. Relat. 2024, 7(2), 30-39. doi: 10.11648/j.jpsir.20240702.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Musa AM. Electoral Systems in Sudan: In Quest for an Appropriate Type. J Polit Sci Int Relat. 2024;7(2):30-39. doi: 10.11648/j.jpsir.20240702.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jpsir.20240702.11,
  author = {Abdu Mukhtar Musa},
  title = {Electoral Systems in Sudan: In Quest for an Appropriate Type
},
  journal = {Journal of Political Science and International Relations},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2},
  pages = {30-39},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jpsir.20240702.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jpsir.20240702.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jpsir.20240702.11},
  abstract = {This article reviews the types of electoral systems applied in Sudan since independence – in both democratic and military rules. It goes beyond that to touch on the general features of electoral behavior as well. It employs historical and descriptive approaches to examine some facts pertaining to the reality of elections and hindrances to democracy in the Sudan: First, the democratic process has been obstructed several times by military coups and regimes. Second, children who grew up under al-Bashir's Militant Islamic Regime (MIR) were deprived form exercising democracy or know anything about voting. Third, the lack of continual political participation hindered the process of accumulating political awareness that could enrich the formation of political culture. Fourth, the tribal influence in the socio-political life in many parts of the country, had negatively affected the political behavior of the ordinary people as well as the politicians. This political reality shatters any hope for proper democracy to work in the country. This essay argues that for such pluralism and ethno-cultural multiplicity entails the adoption of consensual democracy. However, it believes that this consociationalism should be supported by the Proportional Representation type of elections –along with federalism and presidential system.
},
 year = {2024}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Electoral Systems in Sudan: In Quest for an Appropriate Type

AU  - Abdu Mukhtar Musa
Y1  - 2024/05/10
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jpsir.20240702.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.jpsir.20240702.11
T2  - Journal of Political Science and International Relations
JF  - Journal of Political Science and International Relations
JO  - Journal of Political Science and International Relations
SP  - 30
EP  - 39
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-2785
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jpsir.20240702.11
AB  - This article reviews the types of electoral systems applied in Sudan since independence – in both democratic and military rules. It goes beyond that to touch on the general features of electoral behavior as well. It employs historical and descriptive approaches to examine some facts pertaining to the reality of elections and hindrances to democracy in the Sudan: First, the democratic process has been obstructed several times by military coups and regimes. Second, children who grew up under al-Bashir's Militant Islamic Regime (MIR) were deprived form exercising democracy or know anything about voting. Third, the lack of continual political participation hindered the process of accumulating political awareness that could enrich the formation of political culture. Fourth, the tribal influence in the socio-political life in many parts of the country, had negatively affected the political behavior of the ordinary people as well as the politicians. This political reality shatters any hope for proper democracy to work in the country. This essay argues that for such pluralism and ethno-cultural multiplicity entails the adoption of consensual democracy. However, it believes that this consociationalism should be supported by the Proportional Representation type of elections –along with federalism and presidential system.

VL  - 7
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download